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Christians across the mostly Muslim states of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan report a familiar pattern in the decade since Central Asia escaped Soviet control. First there was freedom, then growth, then repression.

Now, with neighboring Afghanistan promising a freer government, the 55.9 million people in these five central Asian states don’t know what’s coming next.

“We need a lot of prayer right now,” says one church planter in the region who asked for anonymity. “It seems that our 10 good years of democratzia are coming to an end.”

Kazakhstan could be the key to the region. With a total population of 16.2 million, this vast oil- and mineral-rich land has a credible reputation for being liberal politically, economically, and religiously. Although a majority of Kazakhstan’s people are Muslim, there are 1.2 million Russian Orthodox in the nation. Some ethnic Russians are leaving Kazakhstan because authorities launched a drive to promote Kazakh language and culture.

Many Protestant groups have grown during the past 10 years. Roman Dudnik, 37, executive director of the Association of Religious Organizations of Kazakhstan (arok), counts 50,000 members among Baptists, Lutherans, Pentecostals, Adventists, Presbyterians, and others. In addition, Operation World now estimates there are 6,000 ethnic Kazakh believers, most of whom were previously from the country’s Muslim majority. In 1990, there were none.

“Kazakhstan has been so open that almost anything works,” the unnamed missionary told CT. “I can only conclude that it has been God’s time for Kazakhstan.”

To promote prayer and unity, about 20,000 evangelicals from the region and around the world gathered for the Silk Road 2000 festival in the former capital of Almaty. Hundreds of evangelical visitors and Almaty church members together cleaned city streets. Evangelicals are becoming more active in social ministry, Dudnik says.

Yet Christians are also fending off increasing efforts to restrict their freedoms. The constitution guarantees religious liberty and a 1992 law established a few basic regulations. But since 1998, lawmakers have attempted six times to increase government oversight of religion, according to the Keston Institute, a religious freedom watchdog.

Last year the European Evangelical Alliance, at the request of AROK, sent its representative, Fred Catherwood, former vice president of the European Parliament, to tell wary government officials that Protestants are good citizens. Later, President Nursultan Nazarbayev declined to sign a bill with tougher regulations on religious groups.

But the upper house of the Kazakh Parliament approved yet another amended bill on January 31. This latest version, aimed at “nontraditional” groups, would ban unregistered groups and require missionaries to register. To form associations, groups would need 50 members, not the current 10.

Dudnik, an architect who is now studying law, says such hostile actions promote church unity. But he adds, “These attempts are creating nervousness and instability. The churches are [emotionally] tired.”

Some individual Kazakh Christians are in jeopardy for their beliefs. In December, Kazakh authorities fined Baptist pastor Pavel Leonov for refusing to register his church in Ayaguz, eastern Kazakhstan. In October, Kazakh authorities beat and threatened to cut off the tongue of a former Muslim, Asylbek Nurdanov, in an attempt to force him to recant his faith in Christ. Nurdanov was held in a psychiatric hospital for six days in November.

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March 11 2002, Vol. 46, No. 3